Some of your questions are difficult to answer because the answer depends more on the car and your laws than on Carloop.
Carloop will communicate with any car that uses CANbus on the OBD2 connector and has a 12V electrical system.
You will have to add some power regulation circuitry to function on 24V systems.
In North America, all modern cars must use CANbus by law (example 2018 Subaru Impreza works just fine). However, old cars (from before the current version of the law) may have partial implementations of CANbus or may use other protocols (example 2004 Subaru Impreza uses ISO9141 and is not compatible with Carloop).
You will need to check your laws and your car to verify the compatibility. I am not able to answer which cars in South America will work with Carloop.
If your car does use CANbus, the odometer is available on Service 01 PID 166.
See the mandatory PIDs here:
There can still be custom PIDs that may offer even more information, depending on the vehicle.
An alternate way to get the distance is from a GPS. Carloop can communicate with any GPS that uses Serial communications. More advanced communications can be done with some other GPS units, such as the Carloop GPS.
Your Carloop has a micro-controller which can run a clock to get travel time. A more accurate method but slightly harder to implement is to use GPS time.
Location of where the car is parked can only be done through a connected GPS unit.
Car diagnostics can be done through the mandatory PIDs according to the link above. Additional diagnostics may be available depending on custom PIDs for your car.
How do you want to send this information to a webservice?
Carloop Basic uses the Particle Photon microcontroller, which has built-in WiFi (tether to your cell phone or upload the data when parked close enough to your home WiFi.).
Carloop Bluetooth uses the Redbear Duo microcontroller, which has built-in WiFi and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). Note that the RedbearDuo is no longer being produced by Redbear labs or by Particle.
Carloop 3G uses the Particle Electron 3G microcontroller, which has cellular 3G.
You can even get just the Carloop, and then get the Electron separately from Particle since there are 3 versions:
3G Kit (Americas/Aus)
3G Kit (Eur/Asia/Afr)
2G Kit (Global) (but cellular service for 2G may be ending soon)